Anaesthesia Machine Atlas Anesthesia Briefs
TRENES

References · October 2026 check

References and verification

The clinical numbers and definitions on this site were checked against the sources below. Each entry notes what it supports on the site. Every link was tested on 4 October 2026.

Check notes

  • Of 41 online sources, 30 links opened directly; 11 could not be fetched because the publisher blocks automated requests, but title and content were confirmed through search results.
  • Two broken links (Detroit Mercy .htm pages) were replaced with their current .php addresses.
  • PubMed and PMC titles were retrieved from NCBI and compared with the claim each supports on the site; all 8 match.
  • The "at least half full" criterion for the backup O₂ cylinder comes from ASA 2008 (≈ 1000 psi in an E cylinder). For the 150-bar cylinders common in Turkey this is ≈ 75 bar, and the site uses this 75-bar threshold.
  • Second check on 4 October 2026: 18 findings from an independent Spanish review report (tube position confirmation, Link-25 scope, malignant hyperthermia management, NIOSH averaging period, Mapleson F, LMA and ETT calculators, Laplace and Henry wording, etc.) were corrected in all three languages.
  • Timelines in the simulations (desaturation, arrest) are simplified models derived from these sources and must not be used for clinical decisions.

Core textbooks

  1. Dorsch JA, Dorsch SE. Understanding Anesthesia Equipment. 5. ed.. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
    On the site Machine components, Thorpe tube, vaporizers, bellows, safety systems
    Printed source
  2. Ehrenwerth J, Eisenkraft JB, Berry JM. Anesthesia Equipment: Principles and Applications. Elsevier.
    On the site Liquid agent consumption (3 × FGF × %), vaporizer physics, equipment faults
    Printed source
  3. Gropper MA et al. Miller's Anesthesia. "Inhaled Anesthetic Delivery Systems" ve "Inhaled Anesthetics: Uptake and Distribution".
    On the site Partition coefficients, MAC, uptake model
    Printed source
  4. Davis PD, Kenny GNC. Basic Physics and Measurement in Anaesthesia. Butterworth-Heinemann.
    On the site Gas laws, fluids, Beer–Lambert, Bernoulli
    Printed source

Machine, gas analysis and checkout

  1. ASA. Recommendations for Pre-Anesthesia Checkout Procedures (2008). APSF announcement.
    On the site Checklist and hands-on machine checkout (15 items; suction bulb, 30 cmH₂O circuit test)
    Publisher blocks automated access; opens in a browserapsf.org
  2. Subrahmanyam M, Mohan S. Anaesthesia machine: checklist, hazards, scavenging. Indian J Anaesth 2013.
    On the site Checkout steps, fault types, scavenging
    Link openspmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. The Anesthesia Workstation and Delivery Systems for Inhaled Anesthetics (Aneskey).
    On the site Low-pressure leak test criteria, oxygen failure alarm
    Link opensaneskey.com
  4. The Anesthesia Machine and Workstation (Aneskey).
    On the site O₂ supply alarm: medium-priority alarm within 5 s; ≥ 7 s on older systems
    Link opensaneskey.com
  5. University of Detroit Mercy. Anesthesia Gas Machine: Checkout.
    On the site Details of checkout tests
    Link openshealthprofessions.udmercy.edu
  6. ISO 5362:2006. Anaesthetic reservoir bags.
    On the site Reservoir bag: 30–60 cmH₂O at 4× volume
    Publisher blocks automated access; opens in a browseriso.org
  7. Functions of anesthesia reservoir bag in a breathing system. Zdrav Vestn.
    On the site Pressure-limiting function of the reservoir bag (Laplace)
    Link opensvestnik.szd.si
  8. Langton JA, Hutton A. Respiratory gas analysis. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain (BJA Education).
    On the site Capnometry and agent analysis (infrared, paramagnetic O₂)
    Publisher blocks automated access; opens in a browserbjaed.org
  9. Mortier E et al. Methane influences infrared technique anesthetic agent monitors. J Clin Monit Comput 1998.
    On the site Agent measurement at 3.3 µm and 8–9 µm; methane interference
    Link openspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. Can modern infrared analyzers replace gas chromatography to measure anesthetic vapor concentrations? BMC Anesthesiol 2008.
    On the site Accuracy of infrared agent analyzers
    Link openspmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Pharmacokinetics and low-flow

  1. Yasuda N et al. Solubility of desflurane, sevoflurane, isoflurane, and halothane in human blood. Masui 1991.
    On the site Blood/gas partition coefficients
    Link openspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Blood-gas partition coefficient (ScienceDirect Topics; Miller / Eger tables).
    On the site Tissue/blood coefficients (wash-in model)
    Publisher blocks automated access; opens in a browsersciencedirect.com
  3. da Silva JM et al. Quantitative study of Lowe's square-root-of-time method of closed-system anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1997.
    On the site Agent uptake at low flow (square-root-of-time)
    Link openspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Closed-circuit anesthesia (Clinical Tree).
    On the site Closed circuit and O₂ consumption (≈ 250 mL/min)
    Link opensclinicalpub.com
  5. FDA. ULTANE (sevoflurane) prescribing information, 2017.
    On the site Compound A: FGF < 1 L/min not recommended; 1 ≤ FGF < 2 L/min for ≤ 2 MAC·h. The site does not calculate compound A levels; it only shows labelling guidance
    Link opensaccessdata.fda.gov
  6. APSF. Patient safety and low-flow anesthesia.
    On the site Safety and monitoring at low flow
    Publisher blocks automated access; opens in a browserapsf.org

Ventilation and asynchrony

  1. Thille AW et al. Patient-ventilator asynchrony during assisted mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 2006;32:1515–22.
    On the site Asynchrony index (> 10% high), ineffective and double triggering
    Link openslink.springer.com
  2. Asynchronies during invasive mechanical ventilation: narrative review and update. Acute Crit Care 2022.
    On the site Asynchrony definitions and waveform patterns
    Link opensaccjournal.org
  3. Hamilton Medical. Double triggering: diagnosis, differentiation, and resolution.
    On the site Recognising and correcting double triggering
    Link openshamilton-medical.com
  4. Cycling of the mechanical ventilator breath (Respir Care).
    On the site PSV cycle criterion (25% default; 40–60% in COPD), trigger 1–2 L/min
    Publisher blocks automated access; opens in a browserresearchgate.net
  5. Respiratory mechanics: to balance the mechanical breaths. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021.
    On the site Equation of motion, resistance and compliance
    Link openspmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Emeriaud G et al. PALICC-2 executive summary. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2023.
    On the site For paediatric ARDS (PARDS): Pplat ≤ 28, ΔP ≤ 15 cmH₂O, Vt 6–8 mL/kg (lower of actual and predicted weight). Not an automatic safety approval for every child
    Link opensachpccg.com
  7. Neonatal respiratory physiology (Deranged Physiology).
    On the site Neonatal compliance and resistance
    Link opensderangedphysiology.com

Clinical event management

  1. MHAUS. Managing a crisis (Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the United States).
    On the site Malignant hyperthermia: dantrolene 2.5 mg/kg IV rapidly, repeat according to response; cool if core temperature > 39 °C, stop below 38 °C
    Link opensmhaus.org

Paediatric physiology

  1. Patel R et al. Age and the onset of desaturation in apnoeic children. Can J Anaesth 1994;41:771–4.
    On the site Age-related shortening of time to desaturation in apnoea
    Link openspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Benumof JL et al. Critical hemoglobin desaturation will occur before return to an unparalyzed state following succinylcholine. Anesthesiology 1997 (and 2005 follow-up).
    On the site Safe apnoea time estimates in adults, children and infants
    Publisher blocks automated access; opens in a browserjournals.lww.com
  3. Society for Pediatric Anesthesia. Neonatal emergencies (2007).
    On the site Neonatal O₂ consumption ≈ 6 mL/kg/min, bradycardic response to hypoxia
    Link openswww2.pedsanesthesia.org
  4. Pediatric anesthesia (Aneskey).
    On the site Paediatric vital signs and FRC
    Link opensaneskey.com

Airway equipment, breathing systems and scavenging

  1. Medscape. Pediatric endotracheal tube size calculator.
    On the site ETT size: uncuffed age/4 + 4, cuffed age/4 + 3.5
    Publisher blocks automated access; opens in a browserreference.medscape.com
  2. EMCrit. Endotracheal tube depth.
    On the site ETT depth (3 × ID; 21/23 cm in adults)
    Link opensemcrit.org
  3. University of Washington. Pediatric airway: LMA sizes.
    On the site LMA size by weight
    Link openspedtrauma.uw.edu
  4. Sengupta P et al. Endotracheal tube cuff pressure in three hospitals. BMC Anesthesiol 2004.
    On the site Cuff pressure target 20–30 cmH₂O, mucosal perfusion
    Link opensbmcanesthesiol.biomedcentral.com
  5. ProSeal LMA: oropharyngeal leak and mucosal pressure (Br J Anaesth).
    On the site LMA seal pressures and mucosal pressure
    Publisher blocks automated access; opens in a browsersciencedirect.com
  6. WFSA. Anaesthetic breathing systems (Update in Anaesthesia).
    On the site Mapleson D: spontaneous ≈ 150 mL/kg/min, controlled 70 (normocapnia)–100 (mild hypocapnia) mL/kg/min; Mapleson F (< 20 kg): spontaneous 2–3 × MV (≥ 3 L/min), controlled 1000 mL + 100 mL/kg
    Link opensresources.wfsahq.org
  7. University of Detroit Mercy. Anesthesia Gas Machine: breathing circuits.
    On the site Mapleson circuits
    Link openshealthprofessions.udmercy.edu
  8. Jouan ZT et al. Hypercarbia induced by detachment of inner fresh gas delivery tube of the Bain circuit. Acta Anaesthesiol Sin 1995.
    On the site Bain inner-tube disconnection and Pethick test
    Link openspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  9. OSHA. Anesthetic gases: guidelines for workplace exposures.
    On the site NIOSH recommendations (1977): N₂O 25 ppm as a time-weighted average during anaesthetic administration; halogenated agents 2 ppm ceiling (60 min), 0.5 ppm with N₂O. Not legal limits; local regulations may differ
    Link opensosha.gov
  10. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: Nitrous oxide.
    On the site N₂O recommended exposure limit (REL): 25 ppm, time-weighted average over the exposure period
    Publisher blocks automated access; opens in a browsercdc.gov
  11. NIOSH. Engineering controls for post-operative waste anesthetic gases (2022).
    On the site Current confirmation of the 1977 NIOSH exposure limits
    Publisher blocks automated access; opens in a browsercdc.gov
  12. Virginia Commonwealth University. Waste anesthetic gas.
    On the site Waste gas exposure and control
    Link openshealthsafety.vcu.edu
  13. University of Detroit Mercy. Anesthesia Gas Machine: scavenging.
    On the site Open/closed interface, −0.5 to +5 cmH₂O relief valves
    Link openshealthprofessions.udmercy.edu